Meaning of Propaganda: General Definition and According to Experts, Along with Its Techniques and Types

Kapanlagi.com - Perhaps KLovers are familiar with the term propaganda. However, do you know the deeper meaning of propaganda? Yes, in this article we will discuss what is propaganda in full.

Propaganda is often used for persuasive communication, planned to influence the views and behavior of individuals, so that they can be in line with the desires of the propagandist.

However, in addition to knowing the meaning of propaganda, KLovers will also learn the explanation of the meaning of propaganda according to experts. Then, the types of propaganda, along with the elements and techniques of propaganda.

Therefore, according to various sources, here is a complete explanation of the meaning of propaganda along with its types, elements, and techniques. Let's check it out KLovers.

1. Understanding the Meaning of Propaganda

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The meaning of propaganda is a term that comes from the Latin word propagare which means to develop or expand. The word first appeared in Congregatio De Propaganda Fide in 1622 when Pope Gregory XV established an organization with the aim of developing and expanding the Roman Catholic religion, both in Italy and other countries.

Systematically, propaganda shapes perceptions and cognition that influence the behavioral response to propaganda. Communication is done from one person to many people, separating the communicator from the communicatee. Propaganda is also often used as an effort to conduct persuasive communication.

Thus, it is planned to influence the views and behavior of individuals, so that they can later be in accordance with the desires of the propagandist. Then, the meaning of propaganda according to the International Encylopedia is a type of communication that will attempt to influence views and reactions, without caring about the true or false value of the message to be conveyed.

2. The Meaning of Propaganda According to Experts

Well, besides knowing the general meaning of propaganda, KLovers can also learn about the meaning of propaganda according to experts. Yes, the meaning of propaganda according to these experts will make it easier for KLovers to understand the deeper meaning of propaganda. Here are some explanations about the meaning of propaganda according to these experts.

1. Leonard W. Dobb

The meaning of propaganda according to Leonard W. Dobb is the efforts made by individuals who have interests in controlling group attitudes, including by using suggestion, resulting in control over the activities of the group.

2. Ralph D. Casey

Propaganda is a deliberate and conscious effort to establish an attitude and change an opinion that is related to the doctrine or program of others, and is a conscious effort of various communication institutions to spread facts in the spirit of objectivity and honesty.

3. Jacques Ellul

The meaning of propaganda according to Jacques Ellul is communication used by an organized group that wants to create active or passive participation in the actions of a mass consisting of individuals, united psychologically and incorporated into a group or organization.

4. Barnays

Modern propaganda is an effort that is consistent and continuous in creating and shaping various events with the aim of influencing public relations towards a ruler or group.

5. Garts Jowet and Victoria O'Donnell

The meaning of propaganda according to Garts Jowet and Victoria O'Donnell is a deliberate and systematic effort to shape perception, manipulate thoughts, and direct behavior to achieve the desired reaction of propaganda disseminators.

6. R.A Santoso Sastropoetro

Propaganda is a form of message dissemination that has been carefully planned to change attitudes, views, opinions, and behavior of the receiver of communication in accordance with a pattern set by communicators.

7. Prof. Dr. Mar'at

The meaning of propaganda according to Prof. Dr. Mar'at is a systematic and deeply thought-out technique or effort that is carried out by individuals or groups of people to influence the opinions or attitudes of others or other groups.

8. Lasswell

The broad meaning of propaganda is a technique to influence all human activities by manipulating their representation.

9. Prof. Onong Uchyana Effendi

Propaganda is a communication that is planned, systematic, and repeated to influence an individual, audience, or nation to carry out certain activities with their own consciousness without coercion or being forced.

10. Carl I. Hovlan

The meaning of propaganda according to Carl I. Hovlan is an effort to formulate the principles of information dissemination and formation of opinions and attitudes.

3. Types of Propaganda Based on Its Nature

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In addition to explanations about the meaning of propaganda, KLovers can also learn about the types of propaganda itself. Yes, propaganda also has various types, and here are the types of propaganda based on its nature.

1. White Propaganda

This type of propaganda is covert or done secretly. Where propagandists do not openly attack the person subject to propaganda.

2. Black Propaganda

This type of propaganda is open where the source of the propaganda is attacked openly.

3. Grey Propaganda

And the last type of propaganda is propaganda whose source is not known for sure, thus creating doubt.

4. Types of Propaganda Based on Its Source

Furthermore, there are also types of propaganda based on its source. Yes, this type of propaganda is seen from its source, whether it is covert or open. And here are the types of propaganda based on its source.

1. Covert Propaganda

Covert propaganda is propaganda whose source is unknown or unclear and is done covertly. The disclosure in propaganda is not clearly known, the propagandist's intention does not appear directly.

2. Open Propaganda

Open propaganda is propaganda whose source is clearly stated and openly done. The disclosure in propaganda is clear, the propagandist's intention appears directly.

3. Delayed Revealed Propaganda

And finally, there is delayed revealed propaganda, which is propaganda whose origin is initially kept secret, but sooner or later it will be clearly and openly stated. The disclosure in that propaganda is delayed, the propagandist's intention does not appear immediately. However, the entire purpose and intention are revealed after a certain period of time.

5. Types of Propaganda Based on Method and System

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And the last type of propaganda is based on its method and system. Yes, this type of method will differentiate which method and how the system works. Here are the types of propaganda according to their methods and systems.

1. Coercive Method

Coercive method is a propaganda that applies threat and violent language methods that make the communicant as the target of propaganda follow what is desired by the communicator as a propagandist, driven by fear, threatened, or worried.

2. Persuasive Method

Persuasive method is a propaganda that applies message delivery methods that are attractive with the aim of making the communicant as the target of propaganda happy and willing to follow what is desired by the communicator as a propagandist.

3. Pervasive Method

Pervasive method is a communication propaganda that applies message delivery methods widely and continuously to the communicant as the target so that it becomes part of what is desired by the communicator as a propagandist.

4. Symbolic Interaction Propaganda System

Symbolic interaction is propaganda using communication symbols in various meanings, both oral or written language, images, and signals that are formulated in such a way as to stimulate the soul of the communicant as the target of propaganda to accept the message and then provide the purpose of the desire of the communicator as a propagandist.

5. Propaganda Action System

Propaganda with actions is propaganda that uses real actions to force the communicant as the target of message recipients to take the desired actions by the communicator as a propagandist.

This propaganda refers to the concept of violent action usually carried out by anarchists through political discourse as a way to inspire the masses and encourage the occurrence of political structural revolutions in certain countries.

Its forms of violence can be shocking, frightening, and inspiring to a larger network of people (such as terrorists) than before.

6. Techniques in Propaganda

Furthermore, there are also techniques in propaganda. Yes, of course propaganda has its own techniques, KLovers. And here are some of the techniques that are possessed when doing propaganda.

1. Transfer

This propaganda technique uses the influence of the most authoritative figure in a particular environment. This technique usually utilizes authority, agreement, and honor as a means to strengthen public acceptance of propaganda.

2. Name-calling

Name-calling or giving negative nicknames or designations. This technique will give a bad label to an individual, group, nation, race, as well as policies, practitioners, beliefs, and certain ideals. The aim of this technique is to make readers or listeners able to reject or condemn the object of the propaganda.

3. Testimonial

This technique will provide a testimony about the goodness or badness of something. With the existence of testimony intended to influence the masses to follow it.

4. Glittering Generalities

This technique equates something that is propagated with noble and lofty goals and usually always uses statements that impress virtue.

7. Elements in Propaganda

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And finally, there are elements in propaganda that KLovers can know and understand. Communication expert Santoso Sastropoetro added that there are several elements that must be fulfilled in propaganda, and here are the elements.

1. Communicator, which is a person or institution conveying information or messages with a certain content and purpose.

2. Communicants or recipients of information or messages, who are expected to receive them and then do something according to the pattern determined by the communicator.

3. Policy or propaganda politics that determine the content and objectives to be achieved.

4. Messages that have been formulated in such a way as to achieve their effective goals. Messages are usually embodied in patterns.

And that is a complete explanation of the meaning of propaganda both generally and according to experts. In addition to the meaning of propaganda, KLovers can also learn about its types, elements, and techniques.

(kpl/dhm)