Is Primbon True? Uncovering Facts and Controversies, Understand the Views According to Scholars

Kapanlagi.com - In Javanese society, primbon has become a part of the tradition passed down through generations. However, as knowledge advances, many begin to question whether primbon is true and if it can be used as a guideline in modern life. Primbon is often used to determine auspicious days, matches, and even a person's fate. But is all of this merely a traditional belief or is there a logical basis behind it?

The question is primbon true or not cannot be answered in black and white. On one hand, some believe in its accuracy based on ancestral experience. On the other hand, there are those who regard it as a myth without scientific basis. This article will help you delve deeper into the facts, culture, and controversies surrounding primbon.

1. Definition and History of Primbon

Old book illustration of the primbon (credit: unsplash)

Primbon is a heritage book from Javanese ancestors that contains guidelines for determining attitudes and actions in life. Literally, the word primbon comes from the Javanese word "rimbu" which means a collection of various important records. This book contains predictions, calculations of auspicious days, dream interpretations, human characteristics, and various other traditional Javanese knowledge.

The history of primbon cannot be separated from the development of Javanese culture. Experts estimate that primbon began to be compiled during the Mataram Islamic kingdom around the 17th century. However, its roots can be traced back to the pre-Islamic era in Java. During the Hindu-Buddhist period, the Javanese people were already familiar with various systems of time calculation and predictions, such as pawukon which divides a 210-day cycle into 30 wuku.

The arrival of Islam in Java had a significant impact on the development of primbon. The saints and spreaders of Islam tried to accommodate local traditions with Islamic teachings. As a result, many Islamic elements entered into primbon, such as the use of Hijri month names and prayers in Arabic.

The peak development of primbon occurred during the Mataram Sultanate. Sultan Agung, who ruled from 1613-1645, ordered the compilation of a Javanese calendar system that combined Islamic and Javanese elements. This system later became the basis for calculations in primbon.

2. Content and Substance of Primbon

Primbon contains a wide range of traditional Javanese knowledge. Some of the main topics commonly discussed in primbon include:

• Petungan (calculations) - a system to determine auspicious days based on the neptu (numerical value) of the day and market
• Pawukon - predictions based on 30 wuku in a 210-day cycle
• Pralambang - interpretations of various natural signs and daily occurrences
• Primbon of human nature - predictions of a person's character based on physical traits or birth date
• Primbon of dreams - interpretations of dreams and their relation to real life
• Petangan jodoh - calculations of partner compatibility based on weton (birth day)
• Primbon of healing - guidelines for traditional treatment of various diseases
• Primbon of agriculture - guidelines for farming based on the seasonal calendar

In addition, primbon also contains various mantras, prayers, and rituals for different purposes. For example, love mantras, protection from calamities, or attracting fortune. However, the use of such mantras is often considered to deviate from religious teachings.

Although it may seem mystical, much of the content of primbon is actually local wisdom that has been passed down through generations. For instance, the seasonal calendar for agriculture or traditional healing guidelines that have been scientifically proven to be effective.

3. Religious Views on Primbon

Someone is reading a holy book (credit: unsplash)

The use of primbon remains a controversy from a religious perspective, especially Islam as the majority religion in Indonesia. Some scholars firmly prohibit the use of primbon because it is considered to lead to shirk (associating partners with Allah). However, there are also those who permit it as long as it does not contradict the faith.

Arguments against primbon include:

• Believing in primbon predictions can lead to shirk (associating partners with Allah)
• Only Allah knows the unseen, including the future
• Islam prohibits fortune-telling and believing in superstitions
• The use of mantras and amulets in primbon contradicts the teachings of monotheism

Meanwhile, arguments in favor of primbon include:

• Primbon is part of the tradition and local wisdom that needs to be preserved
• As long as it does not associate partners with Allah, the use of primbon is permissible
• Many contents of primbon are actually in line with Islamic teachings
• Primbon can be seen as human effort, not opposing destiny

Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) as the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia tends to be moderate in addressing primbon. According to NU, primbon can be used as long as it does not contradict Islamic law and is not believed to be absolutely true. However, it is still advised to be cautious to avoid falling into shirk.

4. Scientific Perspective on Primbon

From the perspective of modern science, much of the content of primbon is difficult to empirically prove. Some scientific criticisms of primbon include:

• Primbon predictions are general and can be interpreted according to one's desires
• There is no scientific evidence linking a person's birth date to their fate
• Many primbon predictions contradict facts and logic
• Treatments in primbon have not been clinically tested for safety and effectiveness
• Primbon contains many myths and irrational superstitions

However, some aspects of primbon actually have valid scientific foundations. For example:

• Pranata mangsa aligns with the science of climatology and meteorology
• Some herbal remedies in primbon have been proven to have pharmacological effects
• The calculation of auspicious days can be seen as traditional time management
• Primbon reflects local wisdom in maintaining ecological balance

Scientists suggest looking at primbon critically and objectively. Rational and beneficial aspects can be preserved, while unreasonable elements should be discarded.

5. Controversy and Debate Surrounding Primbon

A man wearing Javanese traditional clothing (credit: unsplash)

The use of primbon still generates pros and cons in society to this day. Some controversial issues related to primbon include:

• Does primbon contradict religious teachings?
• How accurate are primbon predictions?
• Is primbon still relevant in the modern era?
• How should we view primbon as a cultural heritage?
• Can the use of primbon hinder progress?

Supporters of primbon argue that:

• Primbon is local wisdom that needs to be preserved
• Many contents of primbon have proven to be beneficial in life
• Primbon reflects the noble life philosophy of the Javanese
• The use of primbon is part of cultural identity

Meanwhile, opponents of primbon argue:

• Primbon contains many irrational superstitions
• Dependence on primbon can hinder progress
• Primbon has the potential to be misused to deceive the public
• There are better ways to preserve Javanese culture

This debate seems likely to continue as times evolve. A constructive dialogue between various parties is needed to find common ground in addressing primbon.

6. Primbon in the Modern Era

Along with the development of the times, the use of primbon has undergone various changes. Some phenomena related to primbon in the modern era include:

• Digitalization of primbon in the form of websites and mobile applications
• The emergence of "modern primbon" claiming to be more scientific
• The use of primbon for entertainment and tourism purposes
• Academic studies on primbon as a cultural heritage
• Efforts to preserve primbon by Javanese cultural communities

On one hand, digitalization makes access to primbon easier. However, on the other hand, it also has the potential to lead to misuse. Many fake "primbon experts" have emerged, exploiting social media to deceive the public.

Some Javanese cultural communities are striving to preserve primbon in a more contextual manner. For example, by reinterpreting the contents of primbon to be more in line with contemporary developments. Or using primbon as a means of character education and local wisdom.

Among academics, primbon is starting to be studied as a source of traditional Javanese knowledge. Some higher education institutions have even included primbon in the curriculum of Javanese cultural studies. This is expected to bridge the gap between tradition and modernity.

7. Wise Tips for Responding to Primbon

A man is wearing traditional Javanese clothing (credit: unsplash)

Regardless of the pros and cons, primbon remains a part of life for some Indonesian people. Here are some tips for responding to primbon wisely:

• Learn the historical and cultural context behind primbon
• Understand that primbon is a product of its time, not an absolute truth
• Take the wisdom and noble values contained in primbon
• Use common sense and logic in interpreting the contents of primbon
• Do not make primbon the sole guide for life
• Respect the beliefs of others regarding primbon
• Prioritize religious teachings and scientific knowledge in decision-making

The most important thing is to maintain a balance between respecting tradition and thinking critically. Primbon can be seen as a cultural wealth, but it should not be followed blindly. With a wise attitude, we can benefit from primbon without getting trapped in superstition.

8. Myths and Facts About Primbon

As time progressed, many myths and facts circulated around primbon. It is important for us to distinguish between myths and facts to avoid being trapped in false beliefs. Here are some myths and facts surrounding primbon:

Myth 1: Primbon is Always Accurate

Myth: Many believe that predictions in primbon are always accurate and proven true.

Fact: The accuracy of primbon cannot be scientifically proven. Many predictions are general in nature, allowing them to be interpreted according to one's desires. Even if some are proven "true," it could be due to coincidence or self-fulfilling prophecy (predictions that come true because people believe in them).

Myth 2: Primbon Comes from Divine Revelation

Myth: There is a belief that primbon originates from revelations or inspirations from God.

Fact: Primbon is the result of accumulated observations and human experiences collected over many years. There is no evidence that primbon comes from divine revelation.

Myth 3: Ignoring Primbon Will Bring Bad Luck

Myth: Many believe that ignoring primbon's guidance will bring misfortune or disaster.

Fact: There is no proven cause-and-effect relationship between ignoring primbon and the arrival of misfortune. In Islam, good and bad come by the permission of Allah, not because of primbon.

Myth 4: Primbon is a Teaching of Islam

Myth: Some people consider primbon as part of Islamic teachings due to the Islamic elements within it.

Fact: Primbon is not a part of Islamic teachings. Although there are elements of Islam adopted in several versions of primbon, this is more a result of cultural acculturation than original Islamic teachings.

Myth 5: All Scholars Prohibit Primbon

Myth: There is an assumption that all scholars absolutely prohibit the use of primbon.

Fact: Scholars' views on primbon vary. Some strictly prohibit it, while others allow it as long as it is not used as a primary guideline and does not contradict faith.

Fact 1: Primbon Is a Cultural Heritage

Primbon is a cultural heritage that has existed since the pre-Islamic era in Java. It is part of Indonesia's cultural wealth that should be preserved as knowledge, even if it does not have to be believed absolutely.

Fact 2: Primbon Experienced Acculturation with Islam

After the arrival of Islam in the archipelago, primbon experienced acculturation with Islamic teachings. Some versions of primbon incorporate Islamic elements such as prayers in Arabic or Islamic concepts adjusted to local understanding.

Fact 3: Primbon Is Not the Only Guideline for Life

Although still believed by some in society, primbon is not the only guideline for life. Many people use primbon only as one reference, not as the primary basis for making decisions.

Fact 4: Primbon Continues to Evolve

Primbon is not something static. With the development of time, the content of primbon also undergoes changes and adjustments. Even now, digital versions and primbon-based applications are emerging.

Fact 5: Primbon Has Historical Value

Regardless of the beliefs surrounding it, primbon has important historical value. It reflects the mindset and perspective of the Javanese people of its time, and serves as a witness to the journey of Javanese culture from era to era.

9. Scholars' Fatwa on Primbon

Someone is reading a holy book (credit: unsplash)

The scholars have diverse views regarding the primbon law in Islam. Here are some fatwas and opinions of scholars related to primbon:

1. Fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI)

MUI has not issued a specific fatwa on primbon. However, in several related fatwas, MUI emphasizes that all forms of witchcraft and fortune-telling are haram. This is stated in MUI Fatwa Number 2/MUNAS VII/MUI/6/2005 regarding Witchcraft and Fortune-Telling.

2. Opinion of Ustadz Abdul Somad

Ustadz Abdul Somad believes that believing in primbon falls into the category of tiyarah (considering it unlucky), which is prohibited in Islam. He reminds Muslims not to get caught up in beliefs that could lead to shirk.

3. Views of Buya Yahya

Buya Yahya stated that studying primbon as a cultural knowledge is not prohibited, but making it a guideline for life and believing in it absolutely is prohibited in Islam. He emphasized the importance of returning to the Qur'an and Hadith as the main guides.

4.Fatwa of Sheikh Muhammad bin Salih Al-Uthaymeen

Sheikh Uthaymeen issued a fatwa that believing in predictions, including those found in primbon, falls into the category of minor shirk. He reminded that only Allah knows the unseen and the future.

5.Opinion of KH.Afifuddin Muhajir

KH.Afifuddin Muhajir, one of the caretakers of the Salafiyah Syafi'iyah Sukorejo Islamic boarding school, opined that primbon containing calculations of good days does not contradict Islam as long as it is not believed absolutely and does not lead to shirk. He suggested understanding primbon as part of local wisdom.

6.Fatwa of the Permanent Committee of Saudi Arabia

The Permanent Committee for Scientific Research and Fatwa in Saudi Arabia asserts that any form of fortune-telling and belief in the stars (astrology) is haram and falls into the category of major shirk.

7.Opinion of Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi

Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi opined that believing in predictions and calculations of good days is a form of superstition that is prohibited in Islam. He emphasized the importance of putting trust in Allah and striving in accordance with Sharia.

8.Fatwa of the Hisbah Council of the Islamic Unity (Persis)

The Hisbah Council of Persis stated that believing in primbon and fortune-telling is haram. They base this fatwa on various verses of the Qur'an and Hadith that prohibit the practices of witchcraft and fortune-telling.

9.Opinion of KH. Husein Muhammad

KH.Husein Muhammad, a kiai known for his progressive thoughts, argues that primbon as a cultural heritage can be studied as knowledge. However, he emphasizes that primbon should not be used as the main guideline in making life decisions.

10. Fatwa of Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Baz

Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Baz, the former Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, asserts that believing in predictions and calculations of auspicious days is a form of shirk that is prohibited in Islam. He reminds Muslims to always adhere to the Qur'an and Sunnah.

10. Conclusion

Javanese Primbon, as a cultural heritage of Java that has existed for centuries, is still a part of the lives of some Indonesian people. However, in the context of Islam, the belief in primbon needs to be approached wisely and carefully.

Based on the discussions that have been outlined, several important points can be concluded:

1. Primbon is essentially the result of the accumulation of observations and experiences of the Javanese people passed down through generations. It has significant historical and cultural value.
2. From the Islamic perspective, believing in primbon absolutely and making it the main guideline in life can lead to practices of shirk that are prohibited in religion.
3. The majority of scholars agree that believing in predictions and calculations of auspicious days in primbon is forbidden in Islam. However, there are differences of opinion regarding the level of prohibition.
4. Some scholars permit studying primbon as cultural knowledge, as long as its truth is not believed absolutely and it is not used as a life guideline.
5. Islam offers alternatives that are more in accordance with the sharia to seek guidance in life, such as istikharah, consultation, and reflection on the Qur'an.
6. The acculturation between primbon culture and Islamic teachings has produced unique cultural forms, such as the Islamic Javanese calendar and the Aboge primbon.
7. Belief in primbon can have diverse social impacts, both positive and negative, in society.
8. It is important to approach primbon wisely by understanding its historical context, separating cultural elements from beliefs, and prioritizing religious teachings and rationality in decision-making.

Ultimately, as Muslims, we are encouraged to always hold fast to the Qur'an and Sunnah as the main guidelines in living life. Primbon can be appreciated as a cultural heritage and studied as knowledge, but it should not be used as an absolute reference in making life decisions.

What is most important is to prioritize ikhtiar (effort), tawakal (trust in Allah), and always seek guidance from Allah SWT in every step of life. Thus, we can lead our lives more purposefully, in accordance with religious teachings, while still appreciating local wisdom and the cultural heritage of our ancestors.

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