Indonesian Affixes: Definition, Functions, Types, and Examples

Kapanlagi.com - Prefix words are used in constructing sentences that can form a new meaning. Prefix words can be placed at the beginning or end of a sentence. There are various types of prefix words along with examples that are often used for base words.

There are various types of words in the Indonesian language that are commonly known. One of them is prefix words that can be used in constructing sentences placed at the beginning, end, or even in the middle of a base word. Prefix words used in base words can change the meaning of the word.

Where the base word given a prefix can be in the form of verbs, nouns, numbers, adverbs, and adjectives. That is why prefix words can form base words that consist of more than one morpheme and have affixes.

Further explanations about prefix words along with types and examples can be found in the following review. Here is the definition of prefix words, types, and examples compiled by kapanlagi.com from various sources.

1. Understanding Affixes

Understanding affixes (credit: pixabay.com)

Understanding affixes is not too complicated to understand. As the name suggests, affixes are words added to base words. These affixes can be placed at the beginning, middle, or end of the base word.

An affix placed at the beginning of a base word is known as a prefix, while an affix at the end of a base word is called a suffix. If an affix is placed in the middle of a base word, it is called an infix. Additionally, affixes placed at both the beginning and end are known as circumfixes.

A base word with an affix will form a word with a possibly new meaning. This new meaning can be in the form of a verb, noun, adjective, numeral, or adverb. That is why the use of affixes is often used in sentence construction.

2. Types of Affixes

Types of affixes (credit: pixabay.com)

There are several types of affixes that need to be known. These affix types are divided into several categories based on their position, as well as borrowed affixes from foreign languages. To understand more about the types of affixes, you can read the discussion below.

1. Types of Affixes Based on Position

- Prefix Affixes

These affixes are placed at the beginning of the base word, known as prefixes. Examples of prefix affixes include me-, ber-, pe-, per-, te-, ter-, ke-.

- Suffix Affixes

Meanwhile, affixes placed at the end of the base word are known as suffixes. Suffix affixes include -an, -kan, -nya, -I, -man/-wan/-wati, -kah. There are also suffix affixes from borrowed words such as -al, -iah, -asi/-isasi, -er, -ir, -or, -er, and -isme.

- Infix Affixes

These affixes are placed in the middle of the base word, also known as infixes. The infix affixes usually use consonant and vowel letters in the middle of the base word. Examples of infix affixes include -em, -el, -in, -er, and -eh.

- Affixes at the Beginning and End (Confixes)

Meanwhile, affixes placed at the beginning and end of the base word are known as confixes. This is a combination of prefix affixes and suffix affixes. Confix affixes consist of per-an, ber-an, di-I, peng-an, ke-an, memper-I, me-kan.

2. Borrowed Affixes

These borrowed affixes are affixes from foreign languages such as Arabic, Sanskrit, or English. These affixes have additional words in Arabic (-ah, -i), Sanskrit (-man, -wan, -wati), and English (-an, -en, -is, -if, -al).

3. Examples of Affixes

Examples of affixes (credit: pixabay.com)

After understanding the meaning of affixes along with the types of affixes, here are some examples of affixes based on their types.

- Examples of prefix affixes: melihat, tersengat, terjatuh, terpidana, membaca, menulis.

- Examples of suffix affixes: bulanan, lukisan, tuliskan.

- Examples of infix affixes: gemuruh, temali, temurun.

- Examples of affixes at the beginning and end (confixed): ketakutan, berdasarkan.

- Examples of borrowed affixes: manusiawi, kimiawi, digitalisasi, tunawisma.

4. Usage of Affixes

(credit: pixabay.com)

As for the rules of using these affixes, you can learn them through the following explanation. The use of these affixes usually affects the base word, causing it to change. Let's directly learn about the use of affixes below.

Prefix affixes meng- and peng-:

- Affixes with base words starting with the letter s are replaced with meny-. For example, menyapu (meng- + sapu)

- Affixes with base words starting with the letter k are replaced with meng- or peng-. However, there are some words that still use the letter k even though the affix me- has been added. For example, mengunci (meng- + kunci)

- Affixes with base words starting with the letter p are replaced with the letter me-. For example, memesona (me- + pesona)

- Affixes with base words starting with the letters I, m, n, r, w, y still use the prefixes me- and pe-. For example, the word 'melaut' (me- + laut) means to go to the sea.

- Affixes with base words starting with c, d, j, t, z will change to 'men-' and 'pen-'. For example, the word 'mencuri' (me- + curi) means to steal.

- Affixes with base words starting with b, f, p, v will change to 'mem-' and 'pem-'.

- Base words with vowel phonemes 'a, i, u, e, o' and 'g, h, k' will change to 'meng-' and 'peng-'.

That is the explanation of affixes and their types and examples. Affixes are one of the types of words in the Indonesian language used to form a sentence.

Source: qubisa.com, penerbitdeepublish.com

(kpl/gen/nlw)