Various Types of Hadith Based on Classification that Need to be Known

Kapanlagi.com - As Muslims, knowing the various hadith is highly recommended as a guide in life. Hadith itself is believed to be a guide to life after the Quran. Hadith is something spoken and transmitted by someone to others. Hadith, according to Abdul Baqa's review, is derived from the word tahdith which means conversation. It is then defined as the statement, action, or decision attributed to the Prophet Muhammad.

It is also important to know that hadith has various classifications according to the criteria of its formation, such as the beginning of the chain of narration, the integrity of the chain of narration, the number of narrators (rawi), and the level of authenticity of the hadith. Therefore, you should also know the various types of hadith. This is because there are many hadiths that come from false sources or individuals. To increase our knowledge about the various types of hadith, here is a complete explanation of the types of hadith according to their classification.

1. Based on the End of the Chain

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The first type of hadith is based on the end of the chain. Sanad itself is the chain of narrators of the hadith. Meanwhile, Rawi is the person who conveys the hadith (for example: Bukhari, Musaddad, Yahya, Syu'bah, Qatadah, and Anas). The beginning of the sanad is the person who recorded the hadith in his book. This person is called mudawwin or mukharrij. The following are the types of hadith based on the end of the chain.

-Marfu' Hadith, which is a hadith whose chain goes directly to Prophet Muhammad.

-Mauquf Hadith, which is a hadith whose chain stops at the companions of the Prophet without any signs, either in words or actions, indicating the degree of marfu. Example: Al Bukhari in the book Al-Fara'id (inheritance law) conveys that Abu Bakar, Ibn Abbas, and Ibn Al-Zubair said: "Grandfather is (treated like) a father". The statement in the example is unclear whether it comes from the Prophet or just the opinion of the companions.

-Maqthu' Hadith, which is a hadith whose chain ends with the tabi'in (successors) or below.

2. Based on the Integrity of the Sanad Chain

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The next types of hadith are based on the integrity of the sanad chain. Hadith based on the integrity of the sanad chain means that each narrator at each level is possible in terms of time and conditions to hear from the narrator above them. The types of hadith based on the integrity of the sanad chain are as follows.

-Hadith Mu'dial, which is when the chain is broken in two consecutive generations of narrators. Hadis Mu'allaq, when the chain is broken from narrator 5 to narrator 1, meaning there is no sanad.

-Hadith Musnad, which is a hadith where the sequence of the sanad owned by the hadith is not interrupted in certain parts. The sequence of narrators allows the transmission of hadith based on time and conditions, meaning that the narrators are believed to have met and conveyed the hadith. This hadith is also called muttashilus sanad or maushul.

-Hadith Munqathi', which is a hadith where the chain is broken in one of the narrators, or in two non-consecutive narrators, other than the Sahabi.

-Hadith Mudallas, when one of the narrators says that person A said... or this hadith is from person A... without clarity... to me... meaning it is not clear that the hadith was directly conveyed to them. It is possible that there is another unknown narrator between that narrator and person A, who is not mentioned in the sanad.

3. Based on the Number of Speakers

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The next types of hadith are based on the number of narrators. The number of narrators refers to the number of narrators in each level of the chain of transmission. The hadith based on the number of narrators can be divided into:

-Mutawatir Hadith, Mutawatir means continuous or successive between one another. According to terminology, it refers to a hadith that is transmitted by a large number of narrators, who, according to custom, cannot gather and agree to lie. Mutawatir hadith has several chains of transmission and a balanced number of narrators in each generation (thaqabah). Mutawatir hadith itself can be further divided into three types:

Lafzi Mutawatir Hadith, hadith in which the words of the narrators are the same, both in terms of wording and meaning.

Ma'nawy Mutawatir Hadith, hadith in which the wording and meaning are different, but can be derived from its conclusion or a general meaning.

Amaly Mutawatir Hadith. It is easy to know that it comes from religion and has been widely accepted among Muslims that the Prophet did it or commanded it or something similar.

-Ahad Hadith, a hadith narrated by a group of people but does not reach the level of mutawatir. Ahad hadith is then distinguished into three types, including:

Aziz Hadith, if there are two chains of narration. Two narrators in one layer, more in the other layer.

Gharib Hadith, narrated by one chain, one narrator. However, there may be many narrators in another layer.

Masyhur Hadith, narrated by three narrators in one layer and more in other layers, and does not reach the level of mutawatir.

4. Based on the Authenticity of Hadith

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Based on the authenticity of hadith, it is divided into 4 types. Here is a complete explanation:

-Sahih Hadith, the chain of narration is connected and there are no defects or damages. The requirements for sahih hadith are that the chain of narration is connected, the narrators are of sufficient age and are Muslims, there is no contradiction or defect in the hadith, it is narrated by fair, consistent, morally upright, and strong memory narrators.

-Hasan Hadith, it is a type of hadith with a connected chain of narration. According to Ibn Hajar, hasan hadith is a type of hadith narrated by a fair person with a weaker memory, a muttasil chain of narration, without defects, and not odd.

-Maudlu Hadith, when a hadith is suspected to be false or fabricated because a narrator known as a liar is found in the chain of narration.

-Dhaif Hadith, this type of hadith does not meet the criteria of sahih and hasan hadith due to several reasons, such as a broken chain of narration and problematic narrators.

Those are the types of hadith based on their classification. May it increase your knowledge and bring you closer to Allah SWT. May it be beneficial.

(kpl/dtm)