Kapanlagi.com - Indonesian language may already be the language that we use every day. However, not everyone understands the theories of the Indonesian language, including the types of words. Yes, in the Indonesian language, there are many types of words that can be studied in depth. Reduplication is one of them.
In daily life, we must already be familiar with some examples of reduplicated words such as buku-buku (books), tiba-tiba (suddenly), malam-malam (night), and many more. We also often use reduplicated words in everyday communication. However, not many people know that repetition in reduplicated words carries a certain meaning. Therefore, reduplicated words can be distinguished into several types.
To better understand what reduplication is and what its types are, let's directly read some explanations about reduplication below.
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Definition of reduplicated words (credit: unsplash)
As the name suggests, reduplicated words are a group of words in the Indonesian language that are formed through repetition, either in whole or in part. The repetition of these words often changes the meaning of the base word. In general, in the theory of the Indonesian language, the process of word repetition is also known as reduplication.
In the Great Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), reduplication is defined as the process or repetition of words or word elements. Meanwhile, reduplicated words are formed as a result of reduplication. According to Rohmadi, et al. (2013), reduplication is defined as the repetition of a form over a base form. The new form resulting from this repetition is commonly referred to as a reduplicated word.
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Types of reduplicated words (credit: unsplash)
As mentioned earlier, reduplicated words consist of several types. When viewed from their repetition forms, reduplicated words can be divided into 6 types. These six types of reduplicated words based on their repetition forms are: dwilingga, dwipurwa, affixed reduplicated words, sound-changing reduplicated words, pseudo reduplicated words, and unique reduplicated words.
For further explanation, here are the explanations and examples of each type of reduplicated words based on their forms.
1) Dwilingga Reduplicated Words
Dwilingga reduplicated words, also known as complete reduplicated words, mean that the repetition occurs in the form of the entire or complete base word, without any changes at all. Examples of dwilingga reduplicated words or complete reduplicated words are buku-buku (books), makanan-makanan (foods), bocah-bocah (children), and so on.
2) Dwipurwa Reduplicated Words
Unlike the previous type, dwipurwa reduplicated words mean that the repetition occurs on part of the base word. Therefore, the base word is not repeated entirely or completely. Examples: pepohonan (from the base word pohon), bebatuan (from the base word batu), and so on.
3) Affixed Reduplicated Words
The third form of reduplicated words can be formed with the addition of affixes. As an example: kuda-kudaan (horseplay), rumah-rumahan (playing house), and so on.
4) Changing Sound Reduplicated Words
The type of reduplicated words based on the following form is changing sound reduplicated words. As the name suggests, these reduplicated words are accompanied by a change in sound or phoneme in their repeated form. Therefore, the first and second forms of the word have differences. The sound change can occur in both vowel and consonant phonemes.
For example, changing sound reduplicated words with vowel are: serba-serbi (various), gerak-gerik (movement), and so on. Meanwhile, examples of changing sound reduplicated words with consonant include: sayur-matur (vegetables-greetings), lauk-pauk (side dishes), and so on.
5) Pseudo Reduplicated Words
The next form of reduplicated words is pseudo reduplicated words. The term pseudo reduplicated words actually refers to words in Indonesian language that are already in reduplicated form without the reduplication process. For example: cumi-cumi (squid), ubur-ubur (jellyfish), kupu-kupu (butterfly), kunang-kunang (firefly), and so on.
6) Unique Reduplicated Words
Lastly, there are unique reduplicated words. This type of repetition is different from previous forms of repetition, as it does not have a specific pattern and both forms of repetition are very different from the base form. Example: susah-payah, gelap gulita, simpang-siur.
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Types of reduplicated words (credit: unsplash)
In addition to the form, repetition can also be distinguished based on its meaning. Yes, as mentioned earlier, often the process of reduplication or repetition of words results in a change in meaning to the base word. Types of repetition based on meaning can also be seen from the word class types for the base word. For further clarification, here is a brief review based on examples.
1) Repetition with a base word in the form of a noun, then its repetition can mean:
- Expressing a plural amount. Example: murid-murid, rumah-rumah, pohon-pohon, etc.
- Expressing something that is similar or resembling. Example: langit-langit.
2) Repetition with a base word in the form of an adjective, then its repetition can mean:
- Expressing something that is almost, nearly, or somewhat. Example: ragu-ragu, kehitam-hitaman.
- Expressing something that has various types. Example: young people, difficult questions.
- Expressing an event that means "even though". Example: even though he is small, he is good at playing, even though he is skinny, he eats a lot.
3) Repeating a word with a base word in the form of a verb, the repetition can mean:
- Expressing a related work. Example: cook-cooking, sew-sewing.
- Expressing a reciprocating work. Example: shoot-shooting, hit-hitting.
- Expressing a work that is done continuously or repeatedly. Example: hit-hitting, talk-talking.
- Expressing a work that is done uncertainly or without any specific reason. Example: look-looking, scribble-scribbling.
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Examples of reduplicated words (credit: Pixabay)
And here are some examples of repeated words in sentence form to help you understand repeated words. Here are some examples of repeated words in sentence form:
1. Since my younger sibling got sick, my parents have become more worried.
2. Ilham still acts childish in front of his parents even though he is already married.
3. Tika is undergoing surgery, and her husband has been pacing back and forth in front of the operating room for the past 2 hours.
4. The killer was very cruel, burying his victim while still alive.
5. All the villagers of Rambutan village help each other in building a bridge over the river.
6. The toy that I loved when I was a child was playing pretend cooking while setting up a tent with my younger sibling.
7. Children keep running around in the field during the full moon.
8. Nurul's face keeps turning red every time Irfan is beside her.
9. The tradition of asking for forgiveness always happens every time Eid comes.
10. Usually, every boy enjoys playing with toy cars and shooting games.
11. Even though it's raining, Bobby is willing to pick up Sinta from school.
12. I heard Dad calling Dinda's name from the upstairs room.
13. The fatherly nature is starting to show in Ikhsan.
14. Anik hates people who pretend to forget their promises the most.
15. The teacher told the students to take turns going to the front of the class to get their answer sheets.
16. Jaemin's face looks red because it's exposed to strong sunlight.
17. Doraemon has many bamboo propellers in his magic pocket.
18. Taeyong is already familiar with the movements performed by Jhonny.
19. Sifa has been eagerly waiting for NCT DREAM, her favorite K-Pop group, to perform on television since yesterday afternoon.
20. The statues were made by world-renowned artists.
That is, a brief review of reduplication along with its types and examples. Hopefully, it is useful and can broaden your horizons!
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